现在完成时
概念:
过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
构成:
①肯定句:主语+have/has +过去分词
②否定句:主语+have/has +not+过去分词
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词
时间状语:
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently, …
一般过去时
表示的是纯粹在过去发生的事情
现在完成时
表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态,或者发生在过去却对现在造成的影响
现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;
现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
eg:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
2)一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用;
现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1990, in October, just now, …—— 具体的时间状语
现在完成时的时间状语:
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently, … —— 模糊的时间状语
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,
不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如:
live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有:
come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become,get married.
She joined the League three years ago.
(加入的动作不是延续的)
She has been in the League for three years (since three years ago).
(在团内的状态可延续)
She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago).
(是团员的状态可持续)
|
|